Literature on Shared Mental Models has been burgeoning in recent years and this has provided increasingly detailed insight and evidence into the importance of SMMs within specific contexts. However, because past research predominantly focused on SMM structure as measured by diverse, context-dependent measures, a consolidated multi-dimensional measure of perceived SMMs that can be used across diverse team contexts is currently lacking. Furthermore, different conceptualizations of the dimensionality of SMMs exist, which further impedes the comparison between studies. These key limitations might (...) hinder future development in the SMM literature. We argue that the field of SMMs has now matured enough that it is possible to take a deductive approach and evaluate the prior studies in order to refine the key SMMs dimensions, operationalizations, and measurement. Hence, we take a three-stage approach to consolidate existing literature scale-based measures of SMMs, using four samples. Ultimately, this leads to a 20-item five-dimensional scale – the Five Factor Perceived Shared Mental Model Scale. Our scale provides scholars with a tool which enables the measurement, and comparison, of SMMs across diverse team contexts. It offers practitioners the option to more straightforwardly assess perceived SMMs in their teams, allowing the identification of challenges in their teams and facilitating the design of appropriate interventions. (shrink)

The meaning-maintenance model posits that any violation of expectations leads to an affective experience that motivates compensatory affirmation. We explore whether the neural mechanism that responds to meaning threats can be inhibited by acetaminophen, in the same way that acetaminophen inhibits physical pain or the distress caused by social rejection. In two studies, participants received either acetaminophen or a placebo and were provided with either an unsettling experience or a control experience. In Study 1, participants wrote about either their death (...) or a control topic. In Study 2, participants watched either a surrealist film clip or a control film clip. In both studies, participants in the meaning-threat condition who had taken a placebo showed typical compensatory affirmations by becoming more punitive toward lawbreakers, whereas those who had taken acetaminophen, and those in the control conditions, did not. (shrink)

Animals have always been important for human life due to the ecological, cultural and economic functions that they represent. This has allowed building several kinds of relationships that have promoted different emotions in human societies. The objective of this review was to identify the main emotions that humans show towards wildlife species and the impact of such emotions on animal populations’ management. We reviewed academic databases to identify previous studies on this topic worldwide. An analysis of the emotions on wildlife (...) and factors causing them is described here. We identified a controversy about these emotions. Large predators such as wolves, coyotes, bears, big felids, as well as reptiles such as snakes and geckos promote mainly anger, fear, and disgust. This is likely due to the perceptions, beliefs and experiences that societies have historically built around them. However, in some social groups these animals have promoted emotions such as happiness due to their values for people. Likewise, sadness is an emotion expressed for the threatening situations that animals are facing nowadays. Furthermore, we associated the conservation status of wildlife species identified in the study with human emotions to discuss their relevance for emerging conservation strategies, particularly focused on endangered species promoting ambiguous emotions in different social groups. (shrink)

Genetic studies in the social sciences could be augmented through the additional consideration of functional (transcriptome, methylome, metabolome) and/or multimodal genetic data when attempting to understand the genetics of social phenomena. Understanding the biological pathways linking genetics and the environment will allow scientists to better evaluate the functional importance of polygenic scores.

The article presents a set of articles on the present and projection of the scholastic tradition. The starting point is the anthropological turn that, within scholasticism and at the beginning of the fourteenth century, privileged the study of ethics, law and politics and, consequently, the forced development of a moral theology concerned with the human coexistence. The second scholasticism, prolonging this tradition throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, could not remain oblivious to the implications of the profound changes that were (...) taking place: the Discovery of America, the Protestant Reformation, the development of a commercial proto-capitalism and the strengthening of the monarchies. As the Reformation was consolidated in a good part of the European territories, intellectual borders were raised between the various confessions. However - and this is the focus of the papers presented - these borders were porous and, despite the climate of confrontation, various indirect communication channels managed to maintain a single intellectual republic. (shrink)

Open peer commentary on the article “Design Research as a Variety of Second-Order Cybernetic Practice” by Ben Sweeting. Upshot: It is suggested that the main arguments of the target article could be constructed in an easier way and would become even more compelling if a radical consideration of the systemic nature of design were taken into account.

The "justice of markets" is intricately connected to the treatment of the poor and the disadvantaged in market economies. The increased interest of multinational corporations in low-income market segments affords, on one hand, the opportunity for a more inclusive capitalism, and on the other, the threat of greater exploitation of poor and disadvantaged consumers. This article traces the contributions of Catholic Social Teaching and its basic principles toward providing insight into what constitutes "justice" in such "marketing to the impoverished" situations.

En este estudio, nos proponemos determinar el ideal ético-normativo de la παιδεια unamuniana. Para el rector salmantino, la libertad debería constituir el principio y el fin de todos los esfuerzos educativos, ya sea de los padres, de la Iglesia o del propio Estado. Para concretar dicho ideal creyó necesario, en un primer momento, defender la libertad de enseñanza, que, en su pensamiento, adquiere dos posturas bien distintas si se considera el antes y el después de la Constitución española del 1931, (...) concernientes a su defensa del Estado docente y del Estado organizador de la enseñanza. Una vez asegurado este requisito, de carácter político, creyó que una enseñanza para la libertad, de matriz ético-normativa, debería estructurarse a partir de la afirmación absoluta del libre examen, la conciencia de la ley y la cultura, ya que sólo a través de una libertad así concebida podría asegurarse la autodeterminación profesional, intelectual y espiritual de las jóvenes generaciones. (shrink)

La misión educativa del maestro, del profesor de primeras letras, fue uno de los temas pedagógicos al que Unamuno, el insigne rector de la Universidad de Salamanca, más páginas de análisis y reflexión dedicó a lo largo de su producción ensayística. El presente artículo, centrado en dicho tema, procura desvelar la concepción unamuniana del maestro, en cuanto a su misión de promover la formación de una concepción unitaria del saber en sus alumnos. Para nuestro autor, la fragmentación del saber era (...) un grave error educativo al que había que combatir con vehemencia. En contra de dicha fragmentación, propuso, inspirado en su formación romántica, una visión holista e integrada de los saberes impartidos en clase a partir de la cosmovisión étnica del pueblo español (intrahistoria). No pudiendo haber educaciones ideológicamente neutrales, sólo el trasfondo espiritual de la comunidad patria a la que el alumno pertenece podría unificar el saber escolar que tendría siempre que ser consustancial al espíritu del propio pueblo (Volksgeist) en cuanto expresión individualizada del alma de la propia humanidad (Allgeist). Y es aquí donde se hace sentir la educación de talante nacionalista propuesta por Unamuno, siendo cierto que lo nacional en el autor es siempre concebido como puerta para lo universal. (shrink)

Este estudio constituye un intento hermenéutico de lectura de la doctrina darwiniana de la evolución, de sus implicaciones filosóficas y de sus interpretaciones en el contexto español de finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX, según la perspectiva del rector unamuno. Se trata, pues, de analizar la interpretación que el autor realiza de la figura y de la obra del naturalista inglés a partir de los textos que tratan el tema de forma explícita y que se ubican entre (...) los años 1882 y 1912. (shrink)

IntroductionThis paper’s argument can be stated simply: first, the primary unacknowledged cause of modern warfare (that is, since the Great War of 1914–18) is neither “nationalism” nor “imperialism” (to name two popular bogeymen) but modern rationality itself, specifically the epistemological revolution embodied in the philosophy of the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804); second, the current Ukraine War is a case in point, one that interacts with contemporary transformations in Western culture (especially the abolishment of a sense of the objective reality (...) and meaning of male and female sexual differentiation) in ways that reveal the current Russia–Ukraine War as reprising—if it does not merely continue—the ideational conflict at the heart of the Great War, a conflict that emerges for the reasons set forth as the Ur-Krieg, or “source war,” of the historical era we inhabit. In making this argument, this paper will take its inspiration from the writings of the little-known Russian philosopher Vladimir Ern (1882–1917), and for this reason, we begin in a public lecture hall in Moscow in 1914. (shrink)

This paper provides an overview of the Integrative Justice Model (IJM) for impoverished populations that was introduced in the marketing literature in the year 2009. The IJM was developed as a normative ethical framework to guide the growing corporate interest in the base of the pyramid (BoP) market to be fair and just to all parties but particularly the impoverished customer. In an impersonal marketplace that often exploits the less advantaged participant, the IJM provides five characteristics of “just” market situations. (...) These are an authentic non-exploitative engagement, value co-creation, investment in future consumption, stakeholder interest representation and long-term profit management. At the heart of the IJM is love that flows from a recognition of the inherent dignity of those at the BoP and the need to respect and uphold that dignity in the marketplace. The hope is that as companies embrace the IJM in their functioning it will result in a marketplace that is fair, just, humanistic and loving. (shrink)

Este estudio pretende determinar los tres principios elementales de la ontología filosófica de M. de unamuno, que se podrían cristalizar en los axiomas que presentamos a continuación: (1) “todo el ser se esfuerza indefinidamente por perseverar en ser”; (2) “ser es obrar, y sólo existe lo que obra en cuanto obra”; y (3) “ser es querer ser”. En nuestros análisis enfatizaremos de forma especial los estudios realizados por Mariano Álvarez Gómez, cuya línea de interpretación hemos adoptado en nuestra aproximación al (...) pensamiento del autor. (shrink)

En el presente estudio procuraremos determinar los dos ejes de la ética unamuniana, que, al estar vinculados con el dualismo antropológico “yo-íntimo” y “yo-público”, podríamos condensar en los conceptos de “bondad” y “obra”. Unamuno, en cuanto heredero del romanticismo y del existencialismo, consideró que lo fundamental, en términos axiológicos, era que los individuos aprendiesen a “ser buenos” y no a “hacer [meramente] el bien”, ya que solo a través de la pureza del sentir, es decir, de la “bondad ética”, el (...) “sujeto moral” podría constituirse como una “persona” a través de sus “obras”. En este aspecto, la relación de la ética unamuniana con los “oficios” es decisiva, ya que cada “individuo” a través de su “profesión” está llamado a formar su “persona”. (shrink)

Unamuno fue un pensador comprometido con la realidad educativa de su España de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX. De sus preocupaciones pedagógicas, se destacan sus reflexiones a propósito de la gramática, del latín y del griego. El presente estudio procurará desvelar el leitmotiv de la crítica unamuniana a la forma como dichas asignaturas eran impartidas en su época histórica con vistas a aclarar el alcance teórico de sus propuestas educativas.

Resumo Os estudos literários têm comumente recorrido a ferramentas auxiliares ligadas às ciências sociais, mormente à filosofia e à sociologia. Tal postura tem dado origem a análises interessantes a respeito do discurso literário como produto ideológico configurador de verdades coerentes e totalizantes no que concerne a grupos sociais diversos, o que envolve, freqüentemente, a prática de estigmatização desses na tessitura da engenharia social. Nesse contexto, o presente artigo pretende trabalhar com a representação das beatas valendo-se da análise da personagem Magdá (...) na obra naturalista O homem , de Aluísio Azevedo. Reconhecendo que a estigmatização dessa personagem religiosa tem sua gênese no esquadrinhamento do corpo, recorremos à "fala" saudosista de Magdá no intuito de analisar dialeticamente a relação entre religião, patologia e feminilidade na obra naturalista. Conclui-se que, apesar de a representação da personagem beata em O homem obedecer à lógica do positivismo científico então vigente, em que a saudade religiosa é compreendida como um dos principais elementos sintomáticos configuradores da psique doentia da mulher na obra em questão, essa pode se converter dentro de um movimento dialético em um elemento de referência na ressignificação das experiências místicas da personagem Magdá. Palavras-chave: Saudade religiosa; Literatura naturalista; Beata; Gênero e religião.Literary studies have frequently depended on auxiliary tools related to social sciences, mainly philosophy and sociology. Such position has produced relevant analyses regarding literary discourse as an ideological product that represents coherent and absolute truths concerning diverse social groups, which often involves the practice of stigmatization of the those groups in the structure of social engineering. In that context, this article focuses on the representation of devout women, based on the analysis of the character Magdá in Aluísio Azevedo's naturalist novel O homem. Recognizing that the source of Magdá's stigmatization is the scrutinizing of her body, we investigate Magdá's longing discourse in order to analyze dialectically the relation between religion, pathology and femininity in the text. We conclude that, although the representation of the devout woman in Azevedo's novel obeys the logic of 19 th-century scientific positivism, according to which religious longing is one of the main symptomatic elements of woman's mental illness, it can be converted, in a dialectic movement, into a reference element in the re-signification of the Magdá's mystical experiences. Key words: Religious nostalgia; Naturalist literature; Devout women; Gender and religion. (shrink)

En este artículo, intentamos recuperar los aspectos de la reflexión unamuniana acerca del tema educativo que fueron olvidados por el grueso de sus comentaristas. Unamuno, en cuanto pensador, no quiso proponer una teoría educativa. Sin embargo, al reflexionar autobiográficamente sobre los demás aspectos de su vida, en cuanto persona, estudiante, profesor, catedrático y rector, se detuvo sobre una infinidad de temas pedagógicos que, leídos en su conjunto, nos ponen en contacto con un pensamiento bastante desarrollado en sus aspectos teórico-conceptuales. Aquí, (...) daremos voz a algunos aspectos de su pensamiento antropagógico, que el autor cristalizó en sus escritos autobiográficos; nos referimos en concreto a las bibliotecas, a las academias de arte, a las asociaciones infantiles y a los movimientos religiosos en cuanto instancias educativas. (shrink)

En este estudio, que intenta analizar la relación que Unamuno mantuvo con las pedagogías vigentes en España a finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, procuraremos determinar los aspectos que han alejado al insigne rector salmantino de los métodos pedagógicos de los jesuitas (emulación), de la escolástica (retórica) y de las Escuelas del Avemaría (juego), que, como es bien sabido, han estructurado la enseñanza en España durante el susodicho período. Pero, más allá de su enfoque histórico, este estudio permitirá (...) también la comprensión filosófica de lo que es la educación, y la tarea de educar, que, según su peculiar visión pedagógica, debe estructurarse bajo un horizonte espiritual, donde profesor y alumno se han de concebir como padre e hijo en espíritu. Unamuno, al definir de este modo los agentes del acto educativo, terminó por determinar la formación ético normativa de la persona como telos pedagógico por excelencia de la escuela. No nos extraña, pues, que don Miguel se haya alejado del ideal educativo alemán (Fachmann), el del doctor especialista, a favor del ideal educativo inglés (Gentleman), que ha aceptado sin reservas como eje filosófico de su pensamiento educativo. (shrink)